A paclitaxel-hyaluronan conjugate (ONCOFID-P-B™) in patients with BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a dynamic assessment of the tumor microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: The intravesical instillation of the paclitaxel-hyaluronan conjugate ONCOFID-P-B™ in patients with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS; NCT04798703 phase I study), induced 75 and 40% of complete response (CR) after 12 weeks of intensive phase and 12 months of maintenance phase, respectively. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed description of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of ONCOFID-P-B™-treated BCG-unresponsive bladder CIS patients enrolled in the NCT04798703 phase I study, in order to identify predictive biomarkers of response. METHODS: The composition and spatial interactions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the expression of the most relevant hyaluronic acid (HA) receptors on cancer cells, were analyzed in biopsies from the 20 patients enrolled in the NCT04798703 phase I study collected before starting ONCOFID-P-B™ therapy (baseline), and after the intensive and the maintenance phases. Clinical data were correlated with cell densities, cell distribution and cell interactions. Associations between immune populations or HA receptors expression and outcome were analyzed using univariate Cox regression and log-rank analysis. RESULTS: In baseline biopsies, patients achieving CR after the intensive phase had a lower density of intra-tumoral CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), but also fewer interactions between CTL and macrophages or T-regulatory cells, as compared to non-responders (NR). NR expressed higher levels of the HA receptors CD44v6, ICAM-1 and RHAMM. The intra-tumoral macrophage density was positively correlated with the expression of the pro-metastatic and aggressive variant CD44v6, and the combined score of intra-tumoral macrophage density and CD44v6 expression had an AUC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.68-1.00) for patient response prediction. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical response to ONCOFID-P-B™ in bladder CIS likely relies on several components of the TME, and the combined evaluation of intra-tumoral macrophages density and CD44v6 expression is a potentially new predictive biomarker for patient response. Overall, our data allow to advance a potential rationale for combinatorial treatments targeting the immune infiltrate such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to make bladder CIS more responsive to ONCOFID-P-B™ treatment.

Photodynamic therapy of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia-How to do it?

Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN or VAIN), a rare precancerous disease, is difficult to treat. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new modality for the treatment of various precancerous mucosal lesions of the lower genital organs, including VaIN. Due to the special structure and location of the vagina, it is difficult to apply photosensitizer and light irradiation to VaIN lesions. This article provides a tutorial guide on the application of ALA-mediated intravaginal PDT for the treatment of VaIN lesions under different situations.

Patrón micronodulillar tras instilaciones de BCG intravesical, ¿neumonitis por hipersensibilidad o tuberculosis miliar? A propósito de un caso / Micronodular pattern after intravesical BCG instillations, hypersensitivity pneumonitis or miliar tuberculosis? Case report

La inmunoterapia con el bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) es el agente intravesical más efectivo para el tratamiento de carcinoma vesical in situ tras la resección transuretral del tumor. Pese a ser un agente seguro y las complicaciones sistémicas son infrecuentes, las complicaciones locales leves son frecuentes. La afectación pulmonar es inusual (< 1%) suele ser grave, en forma de patrón micronodulillar y su mecanismo etiopatológico es controvertido. Se presenta el caso clínico de un varón con afectación pulmonar micronodulillar secundaria a instilaciones de BCG intravesical (AU)

Immunotherapy with Calmette-Guérin bacillus (BCG) is the most effective intravesical treatment of in situ bladder carcinoma besides the transurethral resection. Tough its known to be secure, and systemic complications are very rare, mild local complications are frequents. The lung involvement is unusual (< 1%), normally severe, with a micronodular pattern, and its etiopathogenic mechanism is a controversial issue. We present a case of a man with micronodular pattern secondary to intravesical BCG’s instillations (AU)

A Phase II Study of Durvalumab for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Unresponsive Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder.

PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint blockade holds promise for treating bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). In this phase II study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of durvalumab, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody, against BCG-unresponsive carcinoma in situ (CIS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with BCG-unresponsive CIS-containing NMIBC received durvalumab IV at 1,500 mg every 4 weeks for up to 12 months. The primary endpoint was complete response (CR) rate at month 6, defined by negative cystoscopy, urine cytology, and absence of high-grade recurrence on bladder mapping biopsy. The null hypothesis specified a CR rate of 18% and alternative hypothesis of 40%. According to the Simon two-stage design, if ≤3/13 patients achieved CR during stage 1, the trial is stopped due to futility. RESULTS: Between March 8, 2017, and January 24, 2020, 17 patients were accrued whereas 4 withdrew from study treatment after bladder biopsy at month 3 was positive for CIS. Two of 17 (12%) achieved a CR at month 6, with duration of response of 10 and 18 months, respectively. A single grade 3 lipase elevation was attributed to durvalumab, and immune-related adverse events were observed in 7/17 (41%) patients. Only 1/17 patients had high programmed death-ligand 1 expression pretreatment. On RNA sequencing, complement activation genes were elevated posttreatment, along with enrichment of tumor-associated macrophage signature. CONCLUSIONS: Durvalumab monotherapy conferred minimal efficacy in treating BCG-unresponsive CIS of the bladder, with 6-month CR of 12%. Complement activation is a potential mechanism behind treatment resistance.

Safety and efficacy of topical interferon alpha 2B and mitomycin C for localized conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia: long-term report of their pharmacological safety and efficacy.

PURPOSE: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) comprises a wide spectrum of squamous tumors, from which corneal/conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the most common one. The classic treatment is complete excision, but recurrence rates are high. Antineoplastic drugs such as mitomycin C (MMC) and interferon alpha 2b (IFNα2b) have been used as adjuvants or as primary treatment. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical IFNα2b and MMC in patients with CIN, a phase IIb double-blind clinical trial was performed. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with localized CIN were evaluated by slit lamp and impression cytology and were randomly given MMC 0.04% or INF2b (1 million IU/mL) 4 times daily until neoplasia resolution. Time of resolution and frequency of adverse effects were analyzed to determine the pharmacological efficacy and safety of both medications. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were included. Nine patients were treated with MMC and 8 with IFNα2b. All patients responded to treatment. The resolution time in days was 59.11 ± 24.02 in patients treated with MMC and 143.50 ± 47.181 in those treated with IFNα2b (p < 0.001). In the MMC group, one recurrence was reported (11%). There were no recurrences at 2 years of follow-up in the IFNα2b group. Regarding adverse effects, one or more mild adverse reaction occurred in 77% of patients managed with MMC and in 50% of patients managed with IFNα2b (p > 0.05). No serious adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Topical chemotherapy with MMC and IFNα2b demonstrate pharmacological safety and efficacy. Therefore, these drugs could be considered as primary therapies for localized CIN .

Comparison of ALA-PDT and CO2 laser treatment of low-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with high-risk HPV infection: A non-randomized controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) and CO2 laser therapy of low-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN1) combined with high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) infection. METHODS: A total of 163 patients with VAIN1 and hr-HPV infection were divided into PDT Group (n = 83) and CO2 laser Group (n = 80). The PDT Group received six times of ALA-PDT treatments and the CO2 laser Group received once CO2 laser treatment. HPV types, cytology, colposcopy, and pathological examinations were carried out before and after treatment. The differences in HPV clearance rate, VAIN1 regression rate, and adverse reactions between the two groups were analyzed during 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: The overall HPV clearance rate of the PDT Group was significantly higher than that of the CO2 laser Group (65.06% vs 38.75%, P = 0.0008) although similar result was obtained for 16/18-related HPV infection patients (54.55% vs 43.48%, P = 0.4578). The VAIN1 regression rate of the PDT Group was significantly higher than that of the CO2 laser Group (95.18% vs 83.75%, P = 0.0170). In patients ≥ 50 years old, ALA-PDT showed better HPV clearance rate and VAIN1 regression rate than CO2 laser therapy (P < 0.05). The adverse reactions in the PDT Group were significantly lower than that in the CO2 laser Group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of ALA-PDT appears better than CO2 laser for VAIN1 patients. However, the long-term effect of ALA-PDT for VAIN1 still needs to be explored. As a non-invasive treatment, ALA-PDT is a highly effective therapeutic procedure for VAIN1 with hr-HPV infection.

Clinical practice of UroVysion® urine test in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

In January 2019, the use of the UroVysion® urine test for surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with carcinoma in situ (CIS) was approved in Japan. Clinical evidence of its use remains limited. Herein, we report the real-world clinical practice of the UroVysion test. Of 29 patients underwent at least one UroVysion test at our hospital from 2019 to 2022, only two (6.9%) tested positive without any visible tumor on the cystoscopy after the initial transurethral resection: a 77-year-old man with T1 high-grade tumor and concomitant CIS and a 76-year-old woman with CIS. The remaining 27 patients (93.1%) tested negative post-transurethral resection. This study was the first to report the Japanese real-world practice of the UroVysion test, demonstrating relatively low positive rate as compared to the previous reports from other countries. Further clinical evidence from other Japanese institutes needs to be accumulated to update the true value of this test.

Er: YAG laser assisted photodynamic therapy for the management of severe oral epithelial dysplasia with innate and adaptive immune responses.

Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) increases the risk of malignant transformation. However, the management of OED is not well defined. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a hypotoxic, highly selective and minimally-invasive operation which reduces morbidity and disfigurement greatly. Additionally, laser ablation guaranteed a better penetration for topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT. Herein, we present a case of a large lesion of oral leukoplakia (OLK) in left tongue dorsum and lateral margin, pathologically manifested as severe epithelial dysplasia (SED). We firstly discussed the feasibility of Er: YAG laser assisted PDT for the treatment of SED in OPMDs. The patient achieved complete remission at 1 year follow-up. Downregulated number of p53 and Ki67 positive cells were observed in the tissues after Er: YAG laser assisted PDT. In addition, increased CD8+ positive cells infiltrated around the tissues and increased natural killer (NK) cells level were detected in the peripheral blood. In summary, Erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser assisted PDT is an effective and promising treatment for the management of SED in OPMDs with innate and adaptive immune responses.

A successful treatment with ALA-PDT: A case-report on erythroplasia of Queyrat misdiagnosed as urethritis.

Queyrat erythroplasia is an intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma localized on the glans penis or the inner side of the foreskin. It accounts for about 10% of all penile malignancies and up to 33% cases may lead to invasive squamous cell carcinoma and the intraurethral erythroplasia of Queyrat is relatively rare. Treatment of Queyrat erythroplasia present a challenge especially if the proximal urethra is involved. Here, we report a case of intractable Queyrat erythroplasia involving the urethral meatus. This case suggested that 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy is effective and safe in the treatment of Queyrat erythroplasia, which provides a new choice for the patients with Queyrat erythroplasia with poor therapeutic effect.

Complete Remission of BCG-Refractory High-grade Bladder CIS with Pharmacologic Ascorbate and Mistletoe.

Context: Bladder cancer is the fourth-most-common cancer in males in the U.S., who develop about 90% of the high-grade, carcinoma in situ (CIS) of non-muscle involved disease (NMIBC). Smoking and occupational carcinogens are well-known causes. For females without known risk factors, bladder cancer can be regarded as a sentinel environmental cancer. It's also one of the costliest to treat due to its high rate of recurrence. No treatment innovations have occurred in nearly two decades; intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an agent in short supply globally, or Mitomycin-C (MIT-C) is effective in about 60% of cases. Cases refractory to BCG and MIT-C often undergo cystectomy, a procedure with numerous impacts on life styles and potential complications. The recent completion of a small Phase I trial of mistletoe in cancer patients that have exhausted known treatments at Johns Hopkins provides corroboration of its safety, with 25 % showing no disease progression. Objective: The study examined the benefits of pharmacologic ascorbate (PA) and mistletoe for a nonsmoking female patient with an environmental history of NMIBC refractory to BCG, in a non-smoking female with exposures in childhood and early adult life to several known carcinogens, including ultrafine particulate air pollution, benzene, toluene, and other organic solvents, aromatic amines and engine exhausts, and possibly arsenic in water. Design: The research team performed an integrative oncology case study on pharmacologic ascorbate (PA) and mistletoe, both agents shown to activate NK cells, enhance growth and maturation of T-cells, and induce dose-dependent pro-apoptotic cell death, suggesting shared and potentially synergistic mechanisms. Setting: The study began at the University of Ottawa Medical Center in Canada with treatment continuing over six years at St. Johns Hospital Center in Jackson, Wyoming, and George Washington University Medical Center for Integrative Medicine, with surgical, cytological, and pathological evaluations at University of California San Francisco Medical Center. Participant: The patient in the case study was a 76-year-old, well-nourished, athletic, nonsmoking female with high-grade CIS of the bladder. Her cancer was considered to be a sentinel environmental cancer. Intervention: Intravenous pharmacologic ascorbate (PA) and subcutaneous mistletoe (three times weekly) and intravenous and intravesical mistletoe (once weekly) were employed for an 8-week induction treatment, using a dose-escalation protocol as detailed below. Maintenance therapy was carried out with the same protocol for three weeks every three months for two years. Results: The patient has experienced a cancer-free outcome following 78 months of treatments that incorporated intravesical, intravenous, and subcutaneous mistletoe; intravenous PA; a program of selected nutraceuticals; exercise; and other supplementary treatments. Conclusions: This study is the first reported instance of combined treatments to achieve complete remission for high-grade NMIBC refractory to BCG and MIT-C, using intravesical, subcutaneous, and intravenous mistletoe and intravenous PA. It includes pharmacological information on possible mechanisms. In light of the global shortage of BCG, the high proportion of cases refractory to BCG and MIT-C, the unproven use of costly off-label pharmaceuticals, such as gemcitabine, and the relative cost-effectiveness of mistletoe and PA, clinicians should give serious consideration to employing these combined functional medicine treatments for BCG- and MIT-C-refractory NMIBC. Further research is needed with additional patients that can advance our understanding, including standardization of methods for systematically evaluating combined therapies-blinded and non-blinded, nomenclature regarding mistletoe preparation, doses, concentrations, regimes of administration, lengths of treatment, targeted cancer types, and other aspects.

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, grade III, treated with photodynamic therapy: A case report.

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a precancerous lesion on the vulvar epidermis that does not invade or metastasize to surrounding stroma; it manifests as atypical intraepithelial hyperplasia on the vulva. Most patients with VIN are diagnosed early, and treatment with standardized therapy often leads to complete regression of symptoms. The treatment of VIN is still a challenge for clinicians because, in most cases, surgery is destructive and risky. However, photodynamic therapy (PDT) was recommended as a new treatment for VIN. Herein, we report the case of a patient with a large-area high-grade VIN lesion complicated by human papillomavirus infection. The patient could not undergo surgical treatment. However, treatment with PDT was performed in our outpatient department. There was slight pain during the treatment after multi-point injection of micro-lidocaine (0.05 mL/dot) was given. No recurrence was noted after 13 months of follow-up. More importantly, scarring and other major side effects were not detected. Therefore, PDT can be a useful alternative treatment for patients with VIN with large lesions or multifocal high-grade VIN.

Afatinib in combination with GEMOX chemotherapy as the adjuvant treatment in patients with ErbB pathway mutated, resectable gallbladder cancer: study protocol for a ctDNA-based, multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase II trial.

INTRODUCTION: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive type of digestive system cancer with a dismal outcome. Given the lack of effective treatment options, the disease rapidly reoccurs and 5-year survival rate is <5%. Our team previously found that a significant percentage of GBC tissues harboured mutations of the ErbB-related pathway. Afatinib is a chemically synthesised drug specifically targeting the ErbB pathway mutations. However, its efficacy in the treatment of patients with GBC remains unknown. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) refers to a proportion of cell-free DNA in the blood which is released by apoptotic and necrotic cells from tumours in situ, metastatic foci or circulating tumour cells. ctDNA-based liquid biopsy is a non-invasive pathological detection method that offers additional value to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of antitumour drugs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We conduct a multicentre and randomised study on afatinib combined with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with ErbB pathway mutated GBC. Clinical and biological evaluation involving ErbB pathway ctDNA detection will be made during the 3-year follow-up after participation. The primary objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of afatinib. Disease-free survival is the primary end point and will be correlated with plasma ctDNA of patients in the treatment with afatinib. In addition, we will evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of plasma ctDNA for monitoring tumour recurrence and progression. Finally, we will assess the safety of afatinib by keeping an eye on the safety indicators. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the medical-ethical review committee of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The clinical trials results, even inconclusive, will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04183712.

5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy combined with carbon dioxide laser therapy is a safe and effective treatment for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) is a precursor of vaginal carcinoma that is often treated with CO2 laser therapy. However, recurrence after laser therapy is common, so new approaches are needed to enhance treatment effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of combining 5- aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (5-ALA-PDT) with CO2 laser therapy for the treatment of VaIN. METHODS: Clinical data from 40 VaIN patients who received CO2 laser therapy with or without ALA-PDT were retrospectively analyzed. Cytology, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, colposcopic images, and histopathology before and after treatment were compared, and treatment efficacy, adverse reactions, and patient prognosis were assessed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the cure rate between the CO2 laser group and the CO2 laser+5-ALA-PDT group after 12 months of follow-up. The difference in HPV clearance rate between the CO2 laser only group and the CO2 laser + 5-ALA-PDT group was significant at 6 and 12 months after treatment but not at 3 months after treatment. 10% patients in the CO2 laser only group experienced adverse events, while no serious adverse events were observed in the CO2 laser + 5-ALA-PDT group. CONCLUSIONS: 5-ALA-PDT combined with CO2 laser therapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for VaIN that results in a high rate of HPV clearance with few side effects.

Efficacy of Intravesical Instillation Therapy with Low-Dose Tokyo-172 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin to Prevent Recurrence of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer and Treat Carcinoma in situ: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: There are various doses, durations, and strains of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical instillation therapy, but optimal treatment has not yet been established. We retrospectively investigated the efficacy and safety of low-dose BCG therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS) in a multicenter study. METHODS: From 1991 to 2019, 323 patients who received BCG therapy to prevent recurrence of NMIBC were analyzed as group A. Similarly, 147 patients who received BCG therapy for the treatment of CIS were analyzed as group B. Patients received low- or full-dose Tokyo-172 strain or full-dose Connaught strain, and the three strains were compared. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and independent risk factors for intravesical recurrence were examined by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Recurrence-free survival (RFS) in group A was significantly better for the Connaught strain than the low-dose Tokyo-172 strain (p = 0.026), but not between the low- and full-dose Tokyo-172 strains (p = 0.443). RFS of group B, cancer-specific survival, and progression-free survival in both groups did not show statistically significant differences. Logistic analysis of group A showed that for intravesical recurrence, only pT1 was a significant risk factor, and there were no differences between the BCG strain and dose and no significant factors in group B. There were also no differences in the completion rate in both groups, but adverse events such as urinary frequency and feeling of residual urine were significantly lower with the low-dose Tokyo-172 strain. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in efficacy between the low- and full-dose Tokyo-172 strains, but to minimize adverse events, the low-dose Tokyo-172 strain may be worth considering.

Long-term effect of photodynamic therapy on oral squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) treatment consists mainly of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, alone or in combination. Epithelial dysplasia (ED) is also treated with surgery. However, these treatments can induce functional and/or aesthetic disturbances. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can preserve organs. Although short-term studies have shown good progress, long-term evaluations have not yet been conducted. This study aimed to clarify the long-term effects of PDT on OSCC and ED. METHODS: Patients who underwent PDT with the first (porfimer sodium) or second generation photosensitizers (talaporfin sodium) for early OSCC (T1 and T2) and ED were included in this study. The long-term prognosis was assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included. Complete response (CR) was observed in 19 patients (82.6%) and partial response (PR) in 4 patients (17.4%) 4 weeks after PDT. Regarding long-term progress, local region recurrence occurred in 11 of 19 CR cases (57.9%), and the term of recurrence was 27.4 ± 30.4 months. Surgical resection was performed in all local recurrence and PR cases, and 3 patients died of the underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS: PDT provides a good outcome in the short term, but its long-term effects are limited.

Long-term Recurrence and Progression Patterns in a Contemporary Series of Patients with Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder With or Without Associated Ta/T1 Disease Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Implications for Risk-adapted Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder managed according to current clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To assess the patterns of recurrence, progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients with CIS, and to compare the effectiveness of adequate versus inadequate bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective analysis of 386 patients with CIS of the bladder with or without associated pTa/pT1 disease treated with BCG between 2008 and 2015. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kaplan-Meier estimations and an inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-Cox regression were performed to compare recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and UTUC incidence over time for patients who received adequate versus inadequate BCG treatment. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The median follow-up was 70.5 mo. At 5 and 10 yr, RFS was 82% and 52%, PFS was 93.6% and 75.8%, and UTUC incidence was 1.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Most recurrence (73.6%) and progression (69.1%) events occurred in the first 3 yr of follow-up, while 38.7% of UTUC incident events were recorded after 5 yr of follow-up. IPTW-Cox regression revealed that patients who received BCG treatment had a lower risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.34), progression (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.87), and UTUC incidence (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09-0.64). Limitations include the retrospective design and potential selection bias. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CIS of the bladder show a high risk of recurrence, progression, and UTUC incidence. Most of these outcomes occur during the first 3 yr of follow-up, but a significant proportion of the events occur at long-term follow-up. Although receipt of adequate BCG treatment improves outcomes, intensive and long-term surveillance may be warranted. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated the long-term cancer control outcomes for patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS; cancerous cells that have not spread from where they first formed) of the bladder. Patients with CIS have a high risk of cancer recurrence and progression. Treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) improves outcomes.

A Scoping Review of Treatment Outcome Measures for Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to identify a list of clinician-reported outcome measures (CROMs) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) through a review of published studies reporting on any therapeutic interventions for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of published studies reporting on any therapeutic interventions for VIN was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database, PsychInfo, and CINAHL from inception to September 20, 2021, based on predetermined study selection criteria. Data were extracted and analyzed by 2 authors independently using Covidence software. RESULTS: Thirty two of 2386 studies identified met study selection criteria. None of the 32 studies provided an explicit definition of VIN treatment "success." The most common CROM was "clinical response to treatment." The most common scale used to measure this outcome was "complete response/partial response/no response"; however, 17 of 23 studies (73.9%) did not define these values. Laboratory CROMs were reported in 12/32 (37.5%) studies. Patient-reported outcome measures were reported in only 10 of 32 studies(31.3%) -the most common PROM was "symptoms." Only 2 of 32 studies measured PROMs related to "quality of life" domains. Adverse events/treatment-related adverse effects were reported in 24 of 32 studies (75%), although 71% of studies provided no details on how these data were collected. CONCLUSIONS: There is a large variation in outcome measures, instruments, and scales used for any clinician-reported treatment outcome such as "clinical response." Most studies do not include patient-reported outcome measures assessing quality of life domains. A Core Outcome Set for the treatment of VIN is needed to improve the quality of VIN research.

Clinical and biological markers for risk-stratification of T1 high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the prognostic and predictive role of current clinical and biological markers in patients with T1 high-grade (T1HG) nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). RECENT FINDINGS: Classical clinico-pathologic markers such as age, tumor size, focality, and location as well as the presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ, lymphovascular invasion, and histological variants at the time of transurethral resection (TUR) should be used in the risk-stratification of T1HG to improve patients' selection for early aggressive treatment. pathological T1 substaging has shown to predict disease progression and response to intravesical therapy, and should therefore be reported in the pathological assessment to improve clinical decision-making. Urinary inducible cytokines measured at different time points during Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy may be used to predict response to treatment, while urinary mRNA-based biomarkers may be of value to select patients for repeated TUR (reTUR). The advent of genomic classification in NMIBC and that of immune markers may improve current risk-stratification tools and pave the way toward personalized treatment. SUMMARY: The role of clinico-pathologic variables in the risk-stratification of T1HG NMIBC remains unaltered, despite insufficient. Urinary biomarkers and tissue-based immune markers hold the promise to revolutionize the paradigm of risk-stratification due to their potential role in predicting response to intravesical and systemic immunotherapy. However, to date, none of the investigated biomarkers is used in clinical practice to risk-stratify T1HG patients due to the lack of external and/or prospective validations.

Sequential Intravesical Valrubicin and Docetaxel for the Salvage Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: Intravesical gemcitabine-docetaxel has emerged as an efficacious and well-tolerated salvage therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, further rescue therapies are needed for subsequent recurrences or intolerance, particularly when cystectomy is refused or precluded. Valrubicin is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved agent for bacillus Calmette-Guérin unresponsive disease, yet as monotherapy has demonstrated poor efficacy. We report our experience with sequential intravesical valrubicin and docetaxel as a rescue therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with valrubicin and docetaxel between April 2013 and June 2021. Patients received weekly sequential intravesical instillations of 800 mg valrubicin and 37.5 mg docetaxel for 6 weeks. If disease-free at first follow-up, monthly maintenance of 2 years was initiated. The primary outcome was recurrence-free survival, assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The analysis included 75 patients with median follow-up of 21 months (IQR: 13-37). Twelve patients with low-grade disease had a 73% recurrence-free survival at 2 years. Sixty-three patients with recurrent high-grade disease had a 38% 2-year high-grade recurrence-free survival. Forty-two (56%) patients had carcinoma in situ present; recurrence-free survival was similar for those with and without carcinoma in situ (P = .63). Two patients died of metastatic bladder cancer while 10 underwent cystectomy. Among patients with high-grade disease, overall, cancer-specific, and cystectomy-free survivals were 87%, 96%, and 84% at 2 years, respectively. Adverse events included bladder spasms (n = 18), urinary frequency (n = 10), and dysuria (n = 8). Two patients could not tolerate valrubicin and docetaxel induction. CONCLUSIONS: In a heavily pretreated population, our results suggest valrubicin and docetaxel is an effective rescue treatment for patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Further prospective evaluation is needed.

Advancing wavelike epitheliopathy after conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia. Atipical case report.

An atypical Advancing Wavelike Epitheliopathy case, consecutive to topical treatment for a 360º Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia, is presented. Mitomycin (0.2 mg/mL) and interferon (1 MUI/mL) drops were used. An atypical presentation, with migrating limbal focus, non clearly delimited in its hourly site through its evolution. Treated with flurometholone drops plus artificial tears, working to complete resolution.